sweden in english
This led to an economic upswing in the post-war era that made the welfare system feasible. After 1990, there were signs of revival in historiography, with a strong new emphasis on 20th-century topics, as well as the application of social history and computerized statistical techniques to the demographic history of ordinary villagers before 1900. The country was devastated, treasures stolen, and insurmountable loss of lives occurred. A growing awareness of strong national sentiments and an appreciation of natural resources led to the creation of the Swedish Ski Association in 1892 in order to combine nature, leisure, and nationalism. Compared to the rest of Europe, unemployment in Sweden was low, while economic growth has been high, inflation low, the budget in balance, and the balance of payments positive. He had a Jacobin background and was well-grounded in revolutionary principles, but put Sweden in the coalition that opposed Napoleon. Francine M. Mayer, and Carolyn E. Fick, "Before and After Emancipation: Slaves and Free Coloreds of Saint-Barthelemy (French West Indies) in The 19th Century. Humanitarian aid from England did not succeed in preventing Sweden from adopting more Napoleon-friendly policies after the Swedish coup d'état in 1809.[16]. Study in Sweden for a full degree, or as an exchange student? SORT STORIES BY: Editors' Choice Popularity Latest. The Age of Freedom and party politics was over. Swedish-English. Anmeldung und Nutzung des Forums sind kostenlos. There are filters to help narrow the results of Swedish to English translations if the results for Swedish are too extensive. [28] However, by the 1970s, the economies of the rest of Western Europe were prosperous and growing rapidly, while the Swedish economy stagnated. King Magnus took advantage of his neighbours' weakness, purchasing lands for the eastern Danish provinces for 6500 kg of silver, which included Scania. Gustav Vasa furthermore encouraged Protestant preachers, finally breaking with the papacy and establishing the Lutheran Church in Sweden, seizing Catholic Church property and wealth. Lernen Sie die Übersetzung für 'sweden' in LEOs Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch. The second period of urban growth began around 1750 in response to shifts in Swedish trade patterns from the Baltic to the North Atlantic. As a result of the peace agreement, Finland became a Grand Duchy and thus was officially ruled by the Tsar of Russia though it was not strictly part of Russia. This dynasty gradually consolidated a pre-Kalmar-Union Sweden to a strong state. In unseren Foren helfen Nutzer sich gegenseitig. Stockholm: Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson Foundation, 2004. Finland was lost to Russia in a war in 1808–1809. He consolidated the finances of the Crown by the great reduction of 1680; further changes were made in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government and education.[8]. The large Russian mainland and its many navigable rivers offered good prospects for merchandise and plundering. You will not need to speak Swedish for any trip there. After Gustav made war on Russia and did poorly, he was assassinated by a conspiracy of nobles who were angry that he tried to restrict their privileges for the benefit of the peasants. "Economic History in Sweden: Some Recent Research Trends “. He overstayed his welcome, refusing to leave until the Ottoman Empire joined him in a new war against Tsar Peter I of Russia. The country attempted to stay out of alliances and remain officially neutral during the entire Cold War, and declined to join NATO. He was inspired by German scholar Barthold Georg Niebuhr (1776–1831), a founder of modern German historiography. Andersson. His edicts reformed the bureaucracy, repaired the currency, expanded trade, and improved defense. Many returned and brought word of the higher productivity of American industry, this stimulating faster modernization. His reign proved lasting and marked the end of Sweden's participation in the Kalmar Union. There was less need for manual labor on the farm so many went to the cities and a million Swedes emigrated to the United States between 1850 and 1890. A strong ability to defend against an amphibious invasion was maintained, complete with Swedish-built warplanes, but there was no long-range bombing capability. The steady decline of death rates in Sweden began about 1810. They spent much of the 1950s and 1960s building Folkhemmet (The People's Home), the Swedish welfare state. Translation for 'schweden' in the free German-English dictionary and many other English translations. Um eine neue Diskussion zu starten, müssen Sie angemeldet sein. The organization focused its efforts on patriotic, militaristic, heroic, and environmental Swedish traditions as they relate to ski sports and outdoor life.[20]. Gustavus proclaimed the Swedish crown hereditary and the house of Vasa ruled Sweden (1523–1654) and Poland (1587–1668). During World War I, Sweden remained neutral, but let the Germans travel in the country. During the 9th century, extensive Scandinavian settlements began on the east side of the Baltic Sea. At this time, Sweden consisted of most of what is today the southern part of the country (except for Scania, Blekinge, Halland and Bohuslän), as well as parts of modern Finland. The king was overthrown by the army, which in 1810 decided to bring in one of Napoleon's marshals, Jean Bernadotte, as the heir apparent. More immediately, the promotion of gymnastics as a scientifically sound form of physical discipline coincided with the introduction of conscription, which gave the state a strong interest in educating children physically as well as mentally for the role of citizen soldiers. [citation needed] Petroglyphs with themes have also been found in Bohuslän, dating from 800 to 500 BC. Übersetzung von Deutsch nach Englisch ist aktiviert. Its key leaders included Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson, King Gustav V, and Foreign Minister Christian Günther. Range and safety considerations made this a good area from which to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike on Moscow. The conversion from Norse paganism to Christianity was a complex, gradual, and at times violent (see Temple at Uppsala) process. Olsen, Gregg M. "Half Empty or Half Full? Gustavus used the Protestant Reformation to curb the power of the church and was crowned as King Gustavus I in 1523. 21 AUG 2019 NYHETER. Under the successor, King Gustav IV, Sweden joined various coalitions against Napoleon but was badly defeated and lost much of its territory, especially Finland and Pomerania. Religion maintained a major role but public school religious education changed from the drill in the Lutheran catechism to biblical-ethical studies. At first, the Swedish government flirted with the possibility of changing their neutral stance to side with the Central Powers, and made concessions to them including mining the Öresund straits to close them to Allied warships wishing to enter the Baltic. Over the following centuries, Swedish influence would expand into the North and East, even if borders were often ill-defined or nonexistent. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included Finland. The war-weary Riksdag asserted new powers and reduced the crown to a constitutional monarchy, with power held by a civilian government controlled by the Riksdag. This Guide to Law Online Sweden contains a selection of Swedish legal, juridical, and governmental sources accessible through the Internet. The result was a half-century of often embittered controversy between traditionalists and revisionists that lasted until 1960. Full-time, temporary, and part-time jobs. Sweden followed a policy of armed neutrality during World War II, although thousands of Swedish volunteers fought in the Winter War with Finland against the Soviets. They depict wild animals such as elk, reindeer, bears and seals. Um Vokabeln speichern und später lernen zu können, müssen Sie angemeldet sein. Bachelor or Masters. In 1810, French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, one of Napoleon's top generals, was elected as Charles XIV John of Sweden (1818–44) by the Riksdag. Apply for English speaking jobs in Sweden. Sweden's role in the Thirty Years' War determined the political and religious balance of power in Europe. Hunting: Sweden's living heritage Swedes gear up for hunting season. The programme, with joint financing by Germany and Sweden, works mainly with municipal authorities, local development councils and other representatives of organised civil society. Norbert Götz. Mortality also peaked during this period due to other air-, food-, and waterborne diseases, but these declined as well during the early 19th century. This effectively put an end to the Swedish Empire, and crippled her Baltic Sea power. He was shot through the head during a siege in his second failed attack on Norway, but whether by assassination at close range or by stray enemy fire at long range is mysteriously unclear. sweden.se | The official site of Sweden. 97–107, 300–302. Indeed, when there seemed to be a real threat of invasion during in 1655–1660, King Charles X Gustav asked the people to give more and to manage their own defences. ", Söderberg, Johan. This first take-off was founded on rural forges, textile proto-industries and sawmills. It opened to the public in 2015 and is a very popular garden for visiters. Many translated example sentences containing "Sweden" – French-English dictionary and search engine for French translations. The following period of peace allowed Charles XI of Sweden to reform and stabilise the realm. There were very high rates of infant and child mortality before 1800. [10] The Riksdag developed into an active parliament. In 1876, he attacked the traditional myths of the social and legal conditions of ancient Greece and Rome inherited from the classical authors. 898 Jobs and Internships for English-speakers in Sweden - 67.661 jobs in the world | iAgora.com. Sverker Sörlin, "Nature, Skiing and Swedish Nationalism. He felt the Swedish monarchy could survive and flourish by achieving a coalition with the newly emerged middle classes against the nobility. This expansion sparked tension with the Russian states, a tension that was to continue throughout Swedish history. With its own businessmen in charge, Sweden's economic strength grew rapidly, and by 1544 Gustavus controlled 60% of the farmlands in all of Sweden. Sweden definition: 1. a country in northern Europe 2. a country in northern Europe. The fourth liberal government in these years came under fire by Social Democrats and trade unions and the Moderate Party, culminating in the Social Democrats regaining power in 1982. Nyheter, e-post och sökning är bara början. ", Waldenström, Daniel. In 2014, the Danish were named as the best speakers of English as a second language in the world. [6], During the 16th and 17th centuries, the kings demanded ever increasing taxes and military conscription, emphasizing the need for defense. After 1991, these factors caused a recession with high unemployment. Pedersen, Frederik. Despite the close relations between Swedish and Russian aristocracy (see also Rus'), there is no direct evidence of Orthodox influence. [citation needed]. Oram, Richard. [35][36], According to Lönnroth (1998)[37] in the 19th century and early 20th century, Swedish historians saw their writing in terms of literature and storytelling, rather than analysis and interpretation. Sweden was one of the first non-participants of World War II to join the United Nations (in 1946). [9] In the subsequent peace treaties, the allied powers, joined by Russia and Great Britain-Hanover, ended Sweden's reign as a great power. Following half a century of parliamentary domination came the reaction from the monarchy. In the early 19th century, Finland and the remaining territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost. Foreign policy concerns in the 1930s centered on Soviet and German expansionism, which pursuing abortive efforts at Nordic defense co-operation. [citation needed] Different interest groups were always involved in official committees that preceded government decisions. The population exceeded 10 million for the first time on Friday 20 January 2017. "Beyond the Military State: Sweden’s Great Power Period in Recent Historiography. Political, administrative, road, physical, topographical, travel and other maps of Sweden. During the Cold War, Sweden was suspicious of the superpowers, but this sentiment lessened as the situation progressed, and Sweden continued to remain neutral. Sweden was able to establish control of the Eastern bank of the Sound, formalised in the Treaty of Roskilde (1658), and gain recognition of her southeastern dominions by the European great powers in the Treaty of Oliva (1660); but Sweden was barred from further expansion at the Southern coast of the Baltic. It held that that neutrality and co-operation with Germany were necessary for survival since Germany was vastly more powerful, concessions were limited and were only made when the threat was too great. The 1976 parliamentary elections brought a liberal/right-wing coalition to power. Sweden came out of the Scanian War with only minor losses largely due to France forcing Sweden's adversaries into the treaties of Fontainebleau (1679) (confirmed at Lund) and Saint-Germain (1679). Fast & Free. Gustavus took the Lutheran reformers under his protection and appointed his men as bishops. Hitta din yodel. Over the next six years, four governments ruled and fell, composed by all or some of the parties that had won in 1976. Unintended consequences resulted in the 1990s. The majority of Liberals wanted to require some property ownership before a man could vote, while the Social Democrats called for total male suffrage without property limitations. Neutrality was bent but not broken; national unity was paramount; and in any case, Sweden had the neutral right to trade with Germany. The brothers Lauritz Weibull and Curt Weibull were the leaders, and they had followers at Lund and Göteborg universities. Jens Ljunggren, "Nation-Building, Primitivism and Manliness: The Issue of Gymnastics in Sweden around 1880". ", This page was last edited on 12 March 2021, at 11:46. ", Sven Lilja, "Swedish Urbanization c. 1570–1800: Chronology, Structure and Causes,", Jan Sundin, "Child Mortality and Causes of Death in a Swedish City, 1750–1860.". Lernen Sie eine neue Sprache - mit LEO ganz leicht! Post-war prosperity provided the foundations for the social welfare policies characteristic of modern Sweden. So ist es zumindest in … There was high inflation as well as overheated real estate and financial markets and a negative real rate of interest. "Arkeologiska undersökningar invid hällristningar. From bridgeheads in Stralsund (1628) and Pomerania (1630), the Swedish army advanced to the south of the Holy Roman Empire, and in a side theater of the war deprived Denmark–Norway of Danish Estonia, Jämtland, Gotland, Halland, Härjedalen, Idre and Särna, became exempt from the Sound Dues, and established claims to Bremen-Verden, all of which was formalized in the Treaty of Brömsebro (1645). Another movement emerged at Lund University around 1910, where critical scholars began using the source critics' methods to the early history of Scandinavia. Noch Fragen? Precocious and well educated, he became a patron of the arts and music. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania became a Swedish fief, the Polish–Lithuanian regular armies surrendered and the Polish King John II Casimir Vasa fled to the Habsburgs. Start your new career right now! Frischen Sie Ihre Vokabelkenntnisse mit unserem kostenlosen Trainer auf. Sweden now built the first modern army in Europe, supported by a sophisticated tax system and government bureaucracy. the Swedish Welfare State in Transition. Google's free service instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Aktivieren Sie JavaScript für mehr Features und höhere Geschwindigkeit beim Abfragen. The total resident population of Sweden was 10,377,781 in October 2020. Humanitarian aid to Jews facing the Holocaust was the mission of Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg. Later the Swedish signed agreements allowing trade with the Allied powers and limiting trade with Central Powers, though this brought about the fall of the government of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld. ", Sofia Murhem, "Security and change: The Swedish model and employment protection 1995–2010. As a professor of history at Uppsala University, Hjärne became a spokesman for the Conservative Party and the Swedish monarchy by 1900. Use the above search field to search the Swedish-English dictionary by entering the English word or the Swedish word you wish to translate. Sie können aber jederzeit auch unangemeldet das Forum durchsuchen. Sweden created a successful model of social democracy because of the unique way in which Sweden's labor leaders, politicians, and classes cooperated during the early development of Swedish democracy. In 1655, in the Second Northern War, Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded and occupied western Poland–Lithuania, the eastern half of which was already occupied by Russia. The late 19th century saw the emergence of an opposition press, the abolition of guild monopolies on craftsmen and the reform of taxation. During the 17th century, after winning wars against Denmark, Russia, and Poland, Sweden (with scarcely more than 1 million inhabitants) emerged as a great power by taking direct control of the Baltic region, which was Europe's main source of grain, iron, copper, timber, tar, hemp, and furs.[7]. This helped Sweden avoid the severe extremist challenges and political and class divisions that plagued many European countries that attempted to develop social democratic systems after 1911. Also z.b. Lagerqvist, Christopher, Reformer och Revolutioner. Russia, Saxony–Poland, and Denmark–Norway pooled their power in 1700 and attacked the Swedish empire. Finland was lost to Russia in a war that lasted from February 1808 to September 1809. Sweden's government web sites were generally not available in English. the Swedish {pl} die Schweden {pl} [als Volk] geogr. A new "Age of Freedom" opened, and the economy was rebuilt, supported by large exports of iron and lumber to Britain. In the 16th century, Gustav Vasa (1490–1560) fought for an independent Sweden, crushing an attempt to restore the Union of Kalmar and laying the foundation for modern Sweden. The divide ended when a third clan married into the Erik clan and founded the Bjelbo dynasty. Sweden offers more than 1000 degree programmes entirely in English. Germany needed Swedish iron, and Sweden had nothing to gain and much to lose from an invasion. The Catholic bishops had supported the Danish King Christian II, but he was overthrown by Gustavus Vasa, and Sweden became independent again. Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. LEO.org: Ihr Wörterbuch im Internet für Englisch-Deutsch Übersetzungen, mit Forum, Vokabeltrainer und Sprachkursen. swedes in anderen Sprachen: Deutsch - Englisch English - Dutch English - Finnish English - Serbian A more balanced view suggests a highly capable military ruler whose oft-reviled peculiarities seemed to have served him well, but who neglected his base in Sweden in pursuit of foreign adventure. He established a powerful political network in Constantinople, which included even the mother of the sultan. The social democratic party held government for 44 years (1932–1976). In 1527, he persuaded the Riksdag of Västerås (comprising the nobles, clergy, burghers, and freehold peasants) to confiscate church lands, which comprised 21% of the farmland. In a series of Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629) and the Russo-Swedish Ingrian War, Gustavus Adolphus retook Ingria and Kexholm (formally ceded in the Treaty of Stolbovo, 1617) as well as the bulk of Livonia (formally ceded in the Treaty of Altmark, 1629). - Jetzt registrieren! [24] The nation was run by a national unity government, which included all major parties in the Riksdag except the communist party. Funktioniert dieser Ausdruck "of Sweden" auch mit Personennamen? Swedes hoped that the U.S. would use conventional and nuclear weapons in case of a Soviet attack on Sweden. Every year, Sweden attracts nearly 40,000 students from abroad. During the 1980s, Sweden attempted to preserve its model of capitalism plus a generous welfare state through what it called a "bridging policy." The decline of several diseases during this time created a more favorable environment that increased children's resistance to disease and dramatically lowered child mortality. The moose hunt is usually front-page news in Sweden when it begins in different parts of the country from early October. Tippen Sie Pinyin-Silben ein, um die chinesischen Kurz-Zeichen vorgeschlagen zu bekommen. Sweden's last war was the Swedish–Norwegian War (1814). Historical details about early medieval kings are obscure, and even the dates of their reigning periods remain unclear. [15] It was characterised by increasing populations in the small towns of the north and west. English speaking jobs is easy to find. Hier sehen Sie Ihre letzten Suchanfragen, die neueste zuerst. Charles's persistence worked, as Peter's army was checked by Ottoman troops. Risbyle Runestones is one Runestone with an Orthodox cross proving some Orthodox influence in Sweden and showing some connection with the elite. Mit Flexionstabellen der verschiedenen Fälle und Zeiten Aussprache und relevante Diskussionen Kostenloser Vokabeltrainer Collection of detailed maps of Sweden. Our task is to serve the interest of, and provide services to, Sweden’s 25 unemployment insurance funds. Dann deaktivieren Sie AdBlock für LEO oder spenden Sie! Kurzanleitung zum persönlichen Bereich (Mein LEO), Can anyone explain why non-europeans mix up switzerland with sweden? Harald Hjärne (1848–1922) pioneered modern historical scholarship. The U.S. secretly provided Sweden with a military security guarantee, promising to provide military force in aid of Sweden in case of Soviet aggression. The Russians won decisively at the Battle of Poltava in June 1709, capturing much of the exhausted Swedish army. In the late 14th century, Sweden was becoming increasingly intertwined with Denmark and Norway, with the three eventually uniting in the Kalmar Union. [31], On February 28, 1986, the Social Democratic leader Prime Minister Olof Palme was assassinated. Sweden has a large number of petroglyphs (hällristningar[2] in Swedish), with the highest concentration in the province of Bohuslän and the northern part of the county of Kalmar, also called "Tjust". Throughout the Stone Age, between 8,000 BC and 6,000 BC, early inhabitants used stone-crafting methods to make tools and weapons for hunting, gathering and fishing as means of survival.[1]. There was an economic crisis with high unemployment and several banks and companies going bankrupt. Although most early-19th-century historians tended to follow Voltaire's lead in bestowing extravagant praise on the warrior-king, others have criticised him as a fanatic, a bully, and a bloodthirsty warmonger. What do I understand by the "Stockholm Syndrome/ the Stockholm effect"? Founded in 1638, it inclu, Hello there! In English. Sie scheinen einen AdBlocker zu verwenden. King Gustav III (1746–1792) came to the throne in 1771, and in 1772 led a coup d'état, with French support, that established him as an "enlightened despot", who ruled at will. Sowohl die Registrierung als auch die Nutzung des Trainers sind kostenlos. The parties debated further expansion of the voting franchise. Russia now dominated the north. The Academy of Science was founded in 1739 and the Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities in 1753. Sweden took the crown for two years in a row before that. Sweden was victorious in this war, leading to the Danish king being forced to cede Norway to Sweden. “The Good Plumpuddings’ Belief: British Voluntary Aid to Sweden During the Napoleonic Wars.”. Made By Max Mülle…, Hallo zusammen, mein Ausgangssatz ist: Ein Zitat von Königin Christine von Schweden fasst d…, Hallo zusammen, ich bin mir bei meinem Satz nicht sicher und wollte fragen, ob der so in Or…, Ever since I started my university education, Sweden served as a prime example for a well wo…, I recieved some good news when i got back to Sweden, our beer commercial is on TV all the ti…. It is today the symbol of Täby Municipality. Noch nicht registriert? Vertiefen Sie sich in die englische und deutsche Grammatik von LEO - mit tausenden Beispielen! Historians have set different standards for when it can be considered complete, resulting in dates from the 6th to 16th centuries. Kingdom of Sweden: Königreich {n} Schweden: 3 Wörter: Swedish-born {adj} in Schweden geboren: 4 Wörter: relig. Links provide access to primary documents, legal commentary, and general government information about specific jurisdictions and topics. "The national wealth of Sweden, 1810–2014", Metcalf, Michael F. "The first 'modern' party system? The Swedish soldiers behaved badly, destroying, stealing, raping, and killing. Übersetzung von Englisch nach Deutsch ist aktiviert. Lack of discipline and contempt for the locals soon created an unbearable situation in Moldavia. Sweden invaded Norway to enforce the terms of the Kiel treaty in the last war Sweden has fought. Table 3.5 shows sweeping consolidation, especially in Sweden . Svealand and the Swedes were usually more supportive of the Erik dynasty and Götaland and Geats more supportive of the Sverker dynasty, which wanted friendlier relations with Denmark. Sweden is an attractive country to study abroad: There are around 40 universities where you can study in English, and they offer around 1,000 different study programmes in English. Among infants and children between the ages of one and four, smallpox peaked as a cause of death in the 1770–1780s and declined afterward. One of the few members of the most powerful noble families not present, Gustav Vasa, was able to raise a new rebellion and eventually was crowned King in 1523. The Deluge lasted for five years and took a great toll on Poland and Lithuania, with some historians crediting this invasion as the start of the downfall of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Swedes perceived skiing as virtuous, masculine, heroic, in harmony with nature, and part of the country's culture. Many economists blamed its large tax funded public sector.[29]. Misgeld, Klaus; Molin, Karl; and Amark, Klas. After the Black Death and internal power struggles in Sweden, Queen Margaret I of Denmark united the Nordic countries in the Union of Kalmar in 1397, with the approval of the Swedish nobility. During the same period, the behavior of his troops worsened and turned disastrous. Norway, however, declared its independence, adopted a constitution and chose a new king. The Vikings from Sweden mainly traveled east into Russia, but also took part in the raids of the Western and Southern regions of Europe. During the early Middle Ages, the Swedish kingdom also expanded to control Norrland and Finland. To see company names and apply Register for free. A new law in 1766 established for the first time the principle of freedom of the press, a notable step towards liberty of political opinion. The rapid Swedish advance became known in Poland as the Swedish Deluge. Sweden never had a fully developed feudal system, and its peasants were never reduced to serfdom. It is therefore usually accepted that Swedish recorded history, in contrast with pre-history, starts around the 11th century, when sources are common enough that they can be contrasted with each other. Sweden purchased the small Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy from France in 1784, then sold it back in 1878; the population had included slaves until they were freed by the Swedish government in 1847.[14]. Since 1814, Sweden has been at peace, adopting a non-aligned foreign policy in peacetime and neutrality in wartime. ", Erik Lönnroth, "Svensk Historieskrivning Under 1900-Talet," ["Swedish historiography in the 20th century"], See Martin Dribe, and Patrick Svensson, "Social Mobility in Nineteenth Century Rural Sweden – A Micro Level Analysis,", Lars Magnusson, "Social History as Economic History in Sweden", Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "History of Sweden – more than Vikings | Official site of Sweden", Norbert Götz. : Political parties, Sweden's Age of liberty and the historians. Meanwhile, back in the north, Sweden was invaded by its enemies; Charles returned home in 1714, too late to restore his lost empire and impoverished homeland; he died in 1718. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "Swede in" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. [22] The party took a central role, but tried as far as possible to base its policy on mutual understanding and compromise.
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