cranial nerves derived from neural crest

anurans, we performed a series of cell labeling and grafting studies of the cranial neural crest (CNC) in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Although we are now starting to get a deeper understanding of how neural crest and placodes develop in cyclostomes, it has remained unclear how these cells associate together within the embryonic cyclostome head to generate novel features such as cranial sensory ganglia (Cell lineage tracing by injection of vital lipophilic fluorescent dyes (DiI, DiO) has been a simple but powerful tool used in the lamprey embryological community for studying the origin, migration, and contributions of neural crest cells and placodes during development (In addition to the head skeleton, which is almost entirely derived from cranial neural crest cells, it was found that neural crest cells also appeared to contribute to a subset of cranial sensory ganglia, which are derived uniquely from both neural crest and placodes. As a consequence, optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness.The optic nerve leaves the orbit, which is also known as an eye socket, via the optic canal, running posteromedially toward the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibers from the nasal visual fields of both eyes.Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus (where information is relayed to the visual cortex), while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements.The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception, and contrast. One that may be helpful is: Old Opie Occasionally Tries Trigonometry And Feels Very Gloomy, Vague And Hypoactive.The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is the first of 12 cranial nerves and is responsible for the sense of smell.The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is the first of the 12 cranial nerves.

Gustatory neurons innervate taste buds and project centrally to the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), whereas neurons providing general e … The eye’s blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves. To do that requires that we compare developmental mechanisms The extant jawless vertebrates, also known as the cyclostomes (For those interested in comparative vertebrate embryology, lampreys have been the cyclostome study system of choice for quite some time (Lampreys, like all other vertebrates, have bona fide neural crest cells.

Cranial Placodes and Neural Crest Interactions in Craniofacial Development

In order to reach the eye, it runs upward (superiorly) and then bends forward (anteriorly).The nerve enters the subarachnoid space when it emerges from the brainstem. Fate mapping of lamprey cranial ganglia by Finally, to tease apart the functional roles of both neural crest and placodes in lamprey cranial ganglion development, These recent studies have revealed some interesting similarities and differences regarding the developmental association of neural crest and placodes during lamprey craniofacial development relative to what has been described in jawed vertebrates. Upon leaving the medulla between the medullary pyramid and the inferior cerebellar peduncle, it extends through the jugular foramen, then passes into the carotid sheath between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein below the head, to the neck, chest and abdomen, where it contributes to the innervation of the viscera.Besides output to the various organs in the body, the vagus nerve conveys sensory information about the state of the body’s organs to the central nervous system. Two major types of nociceptors have been described in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Excessive activation of the vagal nerve during emotional stress can also cause vasovagal syncope due to a sudden drop in cardiac output, causing cerebral hypoperfusion.The accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) controls the muscles of the shoulder and neck.The accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the shoulder and neck. The numbering of the cranial nerves is based on the order in which they emerge from the brain, front to back (brainstem).The terminal nerves, olfactory nerves (I) and optic nerves (II) emerge from the cerebrum or forebrain, and the remaining ten pairs arise from the brainstem, which is the lower part of the brain. This is controlled by intercellular signaling systems that are evolutionarily conserved across metazoans, including members of the Placodes arise as localized thickenings of ectoderm that in turn give rise to cells that make up many of the sensory components in the vertebrate head, such as cranial ganglia and organs of special sense (Placodes arise in the non-neural ectoderm just lateral to the neural plate border, a region known as the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE; The GRN controlling placode developmental in jawed vertebrates has been less intensively studied than that of neural crest cells, but there are still several important conclusions that can be drawn. Despite the significance of this developmental feat, its evolutionary origins have remained unclear, owing largely to the fact that there has been little comparative (evolutionary) work done on this topic between the jawed vertebrates and cyclostomes—the jawless lampreys and hagfishes. The motor function activates the muscles of the jaw, mouth, and inner ear.The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review.Neural crest and placodes are key innovations of the vertebrate clade. However, more modern characterizations of the nerve regard the cranial component as separate and part of the vagus nerve.Therefore, in contemporary discussions of the accessory nerve, it is common to disregard the cranial component when referencing the accessory nerve and assume reference to the spinal accessory nerve.The accessory nerve provides motor innervation from the CNS to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the neck. Tongue muscle atrophy may also occur.

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