center for american progress gender wage gap

Native American women and Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander women saw their pay gaps close slightly from $0.57 and $0.61 in 2018, to $0.60 and $0.63, respectively, in 2019. Center for American Progress, citing the National Women's Law Center. The United States is one of only a few countries in the world, and certainly the only advanced economy, where mothers do not have the right to paid maternity leave after the birth of a new child. However, a great deal of contention sur-rounds statistics measuring and quantifying the gender wage gap, and this confusion is not entirely without … By Will McGrew, August 28, 2018. Write five things you learned, and provide an explanation why you selected each learned piece of information. What Causes the Gender Wage Gap? The data suggest that women’s reduction in work hours can be accounted for when taking into consideration the fact that women provide more unpaid care in the home, at least in homes with children. Similarly, the estimate of the median annual wage for all full-time workers regardless of gender—$45,535 in 2012—is not the same as the median weekly wage for all full-time workers—$765 to $772 depending on the quarter—multiplied by 52. Fleming, S. S. (2015). How the Gender Wage Gap Differs by Occupation 04/14/2015 07:12 pm ET Updated Dec 06, 2017 Interestingly, when home and child care work is taken into account, the time gap looks very different. Author’s analysis uses an average of the monthly workforce totals for women overall to determine how much more an individual woman would have earned. Explaining the Gender Wage Gap - Center for American Progress. Only by enacting essential policies and shifting cultural attitudes can the United States begin to dismantle the patriarchal structures that systematically disadvantage and shortchange women and their families. American Indian, Alaska Native, Black and Hispanic women earn 26 percent less than White men. Researcher for women's economic security and leadership at the Center for American Progress. As the chart from Sarah Jane Glynn at the Center for American Progress shows, women in financial industries, marketing, and education administration face pay gaps even larger than the national average. U.S. Census Bureau, “Current Population Survey: PINC-05. Political Organization. But in reality, there are several factors that lead women to traditionally female-dominated roles, including the gendered socialization that trains girls from childhood to embody the sorts of traits that translate well into traditionally feminine jobs centered on nurturing, service, and supporting other people in their jobs. All of these factors translate, to different degrees, into lower pay. Like all statistics, the 77-cent statistic tells a particular story. The gender pay gap for AAPI women varies among different communities. Outcomes look marginally different, for example, depending on whether weekly or annual earnings are compared. Despite substantial gains made in the 1980s, strides toward gender equality in the workplace have stalled. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act (EPA) into law, making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who perform equal work. Meanwhile, only about one-third—34.8 percent—of men are employed in the top 20 occupations for male workers, including truck drivers, managers, and supervisors. Put another way, the wage losses per week of women property managers is about equal to the wage premium that women respiratory therapists earn over two months. This fact sheet provides answers to these questions and more. A new report by the Center for American Progress finds that the gender wage gap is more pronounced for African American women than is the case for women of other racial/ethnic groups.. * The gender wage gap is the annual difference in median wages between men and women who are employed full-time and it widens over time. Work Experience-People 15 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Earnings, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Disability Status: 2018.”. Americans, through bold, progressive ideas, as well as strong A new report from the Center for American Progress Action Fund entitled, “Lifetime Losses: The Career Wage Gap” examines how the gender wage gap—the annual difference in median wages between men and women who are employed full-time—accumulates over a 40-year period. - Center for American Progress. So while experts have attributed the estimated 38 percent16 of the wage gap that is not explained by traditional measurable factors—such as hours worked and years of experience—to the effects of discrimination, it must be understood that discrimination likely affects more than just 38 percent of the wage gap.17, The most frequent way of discussing the wage gap, in terms of dollars and cents, may unintentionally obscure the real impact on working women and their families. An updated analysis of the gender wage gap … This fact sheet focuses on wage gaps between women and men because that is how the data have historically been collected and analyzed. Critics complain that estimates of the gender wage gap are inaccurate oversimplifications. The gender wage gap, minimum wage, and expansions of paid leave have all been the subjects of media attention and increasing political action. The “77 cents” formulation is a colloquialism—shorthand for expressing a complex economic truth. Figures are not adjusted for inflation and earnings are in 2018 dollars. At the current pace, women are not estimated to reach pay parity with men until 2059.22. So while the 77-cent figure compares working women and men in different jobs, it is influenced by occupational segregation and the different wages men and women earn even within the same types of jobs. Women can't win. First, it directly raises wages for workers who are covered by union contracts—especially for lower- and middle-income workers. (Source: theatlantic.com) Gender, Pay Equity, Race & Ethnicity TOPICS: Gender, Pay Equity, Race & Ethnicity. Center for American Progress, “Wage Gap by the Numbers,” January 6, 2009, available at, See Paycheck Fairness Act, H.R. Gender, Pay Equity, Race & Ethnicity TOPICS: Gender, Pay Equity, Race & Ethnicity. - Center for American Progress. One of the largest driving factors of the gender wage gap is the fact that men and women, on average, work in different industries and occupations; this accounts for up to 49.3 percent of the wage gap, according to some estimates. Not only are women more likely to be concentrated in fewer types of jobs, those jobs are more likely to be female dominated—a fact that often leads to lower wages. The wage gap is larger for most women of color. 4 Center for American Progress | International Approaches to Closing the Gender Wage Gap Despite extensive research on the nature and drivers of the gender wage gap within and between countries, a large portion still cannot be explained. In three of those industries, women make less than 80 cents for every dollar a man earns, or worse than the average national wage gap, according to a 2018 analysis by the Center for American Progress analysis. Ibid. CAP / Via americanprogress.org There are only two full-time jobs in the U.S. in which women earn the same or 1% more than men: stock clerk and health practitioner tech support. Variability in work experience also plays a role in wages, as some women can fall behind in career development more than men due to maternity leave or child care. For example, access to paid sick days and a comprehensive paid family and medical leave program are just two of the essential policies that would help minimize job loss and ensure better economic security for all workers.24 Beyond public policy, society must confront cultural biases that continue to harm women—particularly women of color—by devaluing their work and confining them to specific gender roles. Author’s calculation is based on 2018’s wage gap multiplied by 40 to extend it over 40 years. Define the gender wage gap in your own words. In turn, that reduction in job hours and job tenure both lowers women’s wages overall and contributes to the cultural notion that women are not as devoted to employment once they have children. For quarterly earnings for women and men overall, see U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Usual Weekly Earnings of Wage and Salary Workers Fourth Quarter 2019,” Table 1, Press release, January 17, 2020, available at. As for working women in the United States, we fare better than most of our female colleagues around the world. In these types of jobs, for example, working 20 percent fewer hours results in a reduction in compensation of more than 20 percent. For example, for every $1 earned by white, non-Hispanic men, Filipino women earned 83 cents, Tongan women earned 75 cents, and Nepali women earned 50 cents.4 The larger wage gaps for most women of color reflect the compounding negative effects of gender bias as well as racial and/or ethnic bias on their earnings.5, People living intersectional realities—such as transgender women and immigrant women—also experience the compounding negative effects of multiple biases on their earnings.6 Unfortunately, these women are often left out of the broader conversation about the gender wage gap owing to the limitations of available data. In three of those industries, women make less than 80 cents for every dollar a man earns, or worse than the average national wage gap, according to a 2018 analysis by the Center for American Progress analysis. Shriver’s report tells us that the average woman is paid only 77 cents for every dollar a man makes. A new report from the Center for American Progress Action Fund entitled, “Lifetime Losses: The Career Wage Gap” examines how the gender wage gap—the annual difference in median wages between men and women who are employed full-time—accumulates over a 40-year period. The world-wide gender gap for work, all in one graph. [online] Center for American Progress. (see Table 1), An even larger consideration is the cumulative impact of the gender wage gap on all women working full time in the United States. This graph from the ILO shows the percentage gap in workforce participation in 1991, 2001, and 2011 between women and men. Read the full paper ... How workplace segregation fosters wage discrimination for African American women. According to the Center for American Progress, only about 27 percent of the gap can be explained by the difference in hours that the two genders work. East Asia has more women working then men, but some parts of the world, the gap remains high. The career wage gap looks at how the current annual gender wage gap accumulates over a 40-year period. Elkins, Kathleen. A quick rundown: Raise the minimum wage; Raise the tipped minimum wage Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, “The Equal Pay Act of 1963,” available at, Frye, “Racism and Sexism Combine to Shortchange Working Black Women.”, Sarah Jane Glynn, “Gender wage inequality” (Washington: Washington Center for Equitable Growth, 2018), available at, Elise Gould and Celine McNicholas, “Unions help narrow the gender wage gap,” Economic Policy Institute Working Economics Blog, April 3, 2017, available at, Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, “The Gender Pay Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations” (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016), available at, Glynn, “Gender wage inequality”; Mark Paul and others, “Returns in the labor market: A nuanced view of penalties at the intersection of race and gender” (Washington: Washington Center for Equitable Growth, 2018), available at, Author’s calculation is based on analysis of median annual earnings of women and men 15 years old and older working full-time, year-round in 2018. In fact, out of the 534 occupations tracked by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, only seven pay women more than men on average, such as respiratory therapists and stock clerks. The cumulative earnings gap reported compares monthly labor force totals for all four fiscal quarters of 2019 and BLS median usual weekly earnings of full-time working women and men of all races from all four fiscal quarters of 2019. Sarah Jane Glynn is Associate Director for Women’s Economic Policy at the Center for American Progress. Much more data—disaggregated by sex, race and ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability status, and more factors—are needed to understand precisely where pay disparities exist and where efforts must be targeted.7. Altogether, they are why the 77-cent figure is meaningful: Comparing a woman and a man in the same occupation and with the same background in a very narrow way only tells you one part of the story—even though a gender wage gap still persists within these types of comparisons. Employed mothers with a child under age 6 spend about 47 more minutes per day caring for and helping household members, compared to employed fathers. In reality, the statistic that women earn 77 cents to the male dollar reflects real structural barriers to equality deserving of attention. Americans, through bold, progressive ideas, as well as strong Fleming, S. S. (2015). 1 Center for American Progress | Explaining the Gender Wage Gap Explaining the Gender Wage Gap By Sarah Jane Glynn May 19, 2014 The most commonly cited statistic for the gender wage gap asserts that women earn only 77 cents for every dollar earned by men. It’s the structural barriers to women’s progress and enduring social attitudes about women’s place that contribute the most to women’s lower pay, according to economic analyses of the wage gap. 1 Center for American Progress | The Top 10 Facts About the Gender Wage Gap The Top 10 Facts About the Gender Wage Gap By Kaitlin Holmes and Danielle Corley April 12, 2016 In order to earn as much as the average man did in 2015, the average woman would have to work until April 12, 2016—known as Equal Pay Day.1 Women today have made great Combating gender and caregiver pay discrimination is a real and important challenge facing our country, which is why laws such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 are so important. 7, 116th Cong., 1st sess. U.S. Census Bureau, “Current Population Survey: PINC-05. Mothers are more likely than fathers to stay home with sick children, and one-third of parents of young children report that they are concerned about losing their jobs or their wages if they have to stay home with an ill child, according to the C.S. That is certainly nothing to scoff at, but it pales in comparison to the occupations with the worst wage gap for women: property, real estate, and community association managers. By Will McGrew, August 28, 2018. 1 Works Cited Boushey, Heather, editor. For example, increased educational attainment by women—particularly when women have more education than men—can help narrow the gap.13 Unionization can also help narrow the gap because workers collectively often have greater leverage to push for workplace changes, combat discriminatory practices targeting specific groups of workers, bargain for better working conditions and wages, and more.14 However, the cumulative effects of factors such as these are not large enough to close the gap entirely.15, It is important to note that many of these factors can be directly and indirectly influenced by discrimination based on gender and race or ethnicity. Moreover, just looking at full-time workers does not eliminate the difference in hours worked. From the Center for American Progress webpage and the AAUW webpage, what did you learn about the gender wage gap? To begin to close the gender wage gap, women need updated comprehensive equal pay legislation, such as the Paycheck Fairness Act,23 that will strengthen existing protections and further combat discriminatory practices. The fact is, in real life, women work the way they do for reasons that, for all but the most privileged, have very little to do with choosing purely between work and family life. Nearly two-thirds of mothers are the primary or co-breadwinners for their families.And this does not even begin to take into account the lack of federal laws in this country that could help manage conflicts between caring for a family while still bringing in income. This calculation is the ratio of median annual earnings for women working full time, year round to … According to TalkPoverty, a project from the Center for American Progress, the poverty rate of women between the ages of 18-64 in Virginia is currently 11.6%. Annual data for 2012, the latest year for which data are available, estimate that women earn 77 percent of what men do for working full time, year round, while weekly data put the estimate at 82.1 percent. These wage gap calculations reflect the ratio of earnings for women and men across all industries; they do not reflect a direct comparison of women and men doing identical work. April 14, 2015, 3:38 pm. post A look at the motherhood wage gap on Mother’s Equal Pay Day. 1 Woman are working longer hours and pursuing higher education in greater numbers. It thus The Center for American Progress is an independent nonpartisan When women earn less to begin with, often due to occupational segregation, it may make economic sense for them to be the ones to scale back to provide family care for children or aging relatives. The gender wage gap refers to the difference in earnings between women and men. But this is not an issue unique to calculating the gender wage gap, since most statistics vary slightly when pulling data from different sources using different measures of analysis. (March 18, 2019), available at, Diana Boesch, “The Uneven Expansion of Access to Paid Sick Days,” Center for American Progress, August 30, 2018, available at. The varied factors that influence the wage gap—different jobs, different hours, and different work histories—are not purely the result of women’s choices. For example, societal and structural sexism often influences the jobs that women work in, and those same forces mean that women most often take on the majority of the caregiving, housework, and other unpaid responsibilities that men do not. (see Figure 1), The wage gaps for each group are calculated based on median earnings data from the U.S. Census Bureau and thus do not necessarily represent each individual woman’s personal experience. Accessed 29 Oct. 2019. While this overall gender wage gap is an important statistical representation of how women take home less money in wages than men across the economy, it is important to consider the specific influencing factors: A number of different things, including race and ethnicity, interact to affect earnings. While women’s and men’s earnings may shift slightly each year with each new batch of Census Bureau data, the gender wage gap will not close anytime soon without concerted action. Farrell, J., & Glynn, S. (2013). The annual wage-gap statistic average is compiled by grouping together many people—and, as such, it has its caveats.

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